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Understanding Depression

Depression is more than feeling sad. Learn how this common mental health condition affects mood, energy, relationships, and daily life — and how compassionate, evidence-based care can bring relief.

Get help with thoughtful, personalized support.

What is Depression?

Depression is a mood disorder marked by persistent sadness and a loss of interest or pleasure in daily life. 

It impacts how you feel, think, and function. It can cause irritability, make simple tasks harder, and slow concentration and decision-making. Depression can also disrupt sleep, energy, appetite, and strain relationships. 

For anyone who’s ever wondered, “Why does depression make my body hurt?” it’s often surprising to learn that depression also commonly causes physical pain. 

Depression can affect stress hormones, inflammation pathways, and neurotransmitters involved in pain regulation, leading to physical symptoms such as chest discomfort, joint pain, body aches, and gastrointestinal issues.

Depression can be serious and, at times, overwhelming — but it is treatable. 

Many people experience significant improvement through responsive, whole-person care. Treatment can include therapy, medication, or a combination of both, helping to reduce symptoms and support a return to a fully engaged life.

Ways you Might Experience Depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Periods of low mood or loss of interest that affect daily life, typically accompanied by changes in sleep, energy, concentration, or perceived self-worth.

 

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
A longer-lasting, often mild depression that can feel like an ongoing emotional heaviness or numbness, lasting for years rather than weeks.

 

Seasonal affective disorder
Lower mood, decreased energy, and reduced motivation during the darker time of year, lasting from around September to April. Also called seasonal depression, this condition is often accompanied by increased sleep and social withdrawal. Although most commonly associated with winter, it can occur in spring or summer for some individuals. 

 

Depression related to life transitions
Depression tied to periods of significant change — such as postpartum, medical illness, grief, or prolonged stress — marked by hormonal shifts, feelings of emptiness, emotional disengagement, and difficulty returning to baseline functioning.

Symptoms of Depression

Depression affects emotional, cognitive, physical, and behavioral functioning. Symptoms often overlap and vary in intensity over time.

Emotional and cognitive:
• Persistent sadness, emptiness, or emotional numbness
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
• Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or excessive guilt
• Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or thinking clearly
• Recurrent negative or self-critical thoughts

 

Physical:
• Fatigue or low energy, even after rest
• Changes in sleep (insomnia or sleeping excessively)
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Slowed movement or agitation
• Muscle tension, joint pain, or body aches without a clear medical cause
• Unexplained headaches, chest discomfort, or gastrointestinal pain

 

Behavioral:
• Withdrawing from relationships or responsibilities
• Reduced motivation or difficulty starting tasks
• Increased reliance on alcohol or substances
• Neglecting self-care or daily routines
• Thoughts of self-harm, death, or suicide

When Should I Seek Care?

It may be time to get help if:

• Symptoms appear most days for two weeks or longer.
• Work, school, relationships, or daily responsibilities become hard to manage.
• You withdraw from people or activities you previously valued.
• Routine tasks feel consistently difficult to start or complete.
• Sleep, appetite, or energy changes persist without improvement.
• Alcohol or substance use increases as a way of coping.
• You feel hopeless, stuck, or unsure how to change what’s happening.

You have thoughts of harming yourself or feel that life is not worth living. If so, reach out for support today by calling or texting 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24/7 in the U.S. You can also use the Lifeline chat. Services are free and confidential.

What Causes Depression?

Brain chemistry, genetics, hormones, and sleep habits can contribute to depression. Neurotransmitters involved in mood, motivation, and reward — including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine — influence how symptoms develop and endure. Depression can also run in families, reflecting inherited patterns in mood regulation. Hormonal shifts, chronic medical conditions, certain medications, and substance use can further affect risk or severity.

Depression often develops under sustained stress. Major life changes (even positive ones), grief, illness, relationship difficulties, financial strain, social isolation, or prolonged pressure can contribute to onset or worsen existing symptoms. Early adverse experiences, such as childhood trauma or neglect, may also increase risk later in life.

Patterns of thinking, emotional processing, and coping shape how depression takes hold and continues. Ongoing self-criticism, perfectionism, low self-esteem, difficulty experiencing pleasure, or rigid thinking can intensify symptoms over time. Unresolved loss or trauma may also play a role, especially when usual coping strategies are ineffective.

How We Help People With Depression

Depression treatment works best when it’s personalized, collaborative, and grounded in science. Our clinicians design care around your unique biology, experiences, circumstances, and goals, with flexibility as your needs evolve.

How it works:

Connect with our team to ask questions, share your experiences, and explore care options. We’ll match you with a licensed clinician whose expertise and approach align with your needs.

Schedule an initial appointment to begin a thoughtful, collaborative evaluation. Your clinician will listen closely to your experiences, learn about your symptoms and history, and use evidence-based tools to better understand what’s going on. This process ensures recommendations are tailored to you.

Start your care journey. Treatment can include specialized therapy for depression, medication, or a combination of both. Clinicians may use approaches such as supportive psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance-based strategies, or other therapeutic frameworks to address depressive patterns and strengthen coping skills.

When considering medication for depression, options such as SSRIs, SNRIs, or other antidepressants are carefully discussed and monitored over time. For those with severe or treatment-resistant depression, additional interventions may be incorporated.

Lifestyle factors such as sleep, physical activity, substance use, and social support play a meaningful role and are typically addressed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

Connect with our team to ask questions, share your experiences, and explore care options. We’ll match you with a licensed clinician whose expertise and approach align with your needs.

Schedule an initial appointment to begin a thoughtful, collaborative evaluation. Your clinician will listen closely to your experiences, learn about your symptoms and history, and use evidence-based tools to better understand what’s going on. This process ensures recommendations are tailored to you.

Start your care journey. Treatment can include specialized therapy for depression, medication, or a combination of both. Clinicians may use approaches such as supportive psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance-based strategies, or other therapeutic frameworks to address depressive patterns and strengthen coping skills.

When considering medication for depression, options such as SSRIs, SNRIs, or other antidepressants are carefully discussed and monitored over time. For those with severe or treatment-resistant depression, additional interventions may be incorporated.

Lifestyle factors such as sleep, physical activity, substance use, and social support play a meaningful role and are typically addressed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

Recommended Providers

Keep Learning

Dive into specific depression topics with clarity and care.

Support Is Within Reach

Relief from depression is possible. Reach out today for compassionate care to help you better understand your symptoms and find a way forward.

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